Cellular adaptations
Hyperplasia (increased cell number)
- Lung - goblet cell hyperplasia (asthma)
- Endometrium - glandular hyperplasia (gross appearance and virtual microscopy)
- Prostate - benign hyperplasia (gross appearance, microscopy and virtual microscopy)
Hypertrophy (increased cell mass)
- Heart - hypertensive hypertrophy
- Uterus - hypertrophy of uterine smooth muscle cells in pregnancy (digital microscopy slide - compare with a non-pregnant uterus here)
Atrophy (decreased cell mass)
- Testis - digital slide
Metaplasia (replacement of one differentiated cell type with another)
- Cervix - squamous metaplasia of mucinous columnar epithelium
Tissue damage and cell death
Apoptosis (programmed cell death) - microscopy and an animation of apoptotic pathways
- caseous (in pulmonary tuberculosis) - gross and microscopic
- contraction band (in the heart) - microscopic
- coagulative (in the heart) - virtual slide of myocardial infarction
- coagulative (in the testes) - virtual slide
- liquefactive (in the brain) - gross appearance and microscopy of a healing cerebral infarct
- fat necrosis (in the pancreas) - gross appearance
- fat necrosis (pericolic) - virtual slide
- tumour necrosis - virtual slide
Thromboembolic disease
Thrombosis (inappropriate activation of blood clotting in uninjured vasculature, or after minor injury)
Thromboembolus (passage of a thrombus through the vasculature from its place of formation to a distant site)
- Lung - 'saddle' thromboembolus (gross)
- Lung - pulmonary thromboembolus (gross) and microscopic
- Lung - partially healed thromboembolus (microscopic) and recanalised healing/ healed thromboembolus (microscopic)
- Lung - thromboembolus (digital slide)
Bone marrow embolus (passing into the pulmonary circulation from a fractured bone) (digital slide)
For more on non-thrombotic pulmonary emboli, read here.
Infarction
Ischaemic necrosis of tissue caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply, or obstruction of the venous drainage.
Ischaemia (restriction of the blood supply to an organ or tissue, compromising cellular function).
- Heart - myocardial infarction (digital slide of acute infarction)
- Heart - digital slide of infarction of varying ages
- Lung - recent haemorrhagic infarct (gross)
- Lung - acute haemorrhagic infarct (gross)
- Lung - acute haemorrhagic infarct (gross)
- Kidney - wedge-shaped infarct (gross and microscopic)
- Spleen - wedge-shaped infarcts (gross)
- Liver - infarction following portal vein thrombosis (digital slide)
- Brain - early infarction (haemorrhagic middle cerebral artery territory) (gross)
- Brain - established cerebral cortical infarct with liquefactive necrosis (gross)
- Pituitary gland - infarction
Inflammation
Acute and sub-acute
- Brain - acute meningitis (gross)
- Brain - cerebral abscess (radiology)
- Lung - acute bacterial bronchopneumonia (gross)
- Lung - acute bacterial pneumonia (microscopic)
- Lung - bronchopneumonia (digital slide)
- Lung - lobar pneumonia (gross)
- Lung - lobar pneumonia (diffuse involvement of the lower lobe and patchy involvement of the upper lobe) (gross)
- Lung - acute lobar pneumonia (microscopic)
- Lung - pneumonia with abscess formation (digital slide)
- Lung - viral pneumonia (herpes simplex) (gross)
- Lung - viral pneumonia (herpes simplex) (microscopic)
- Lung - cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusions (microscopic) and here
- Lung - respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) inclusions (microscopic)
- Lung - Churg-Strauss vasculitis (microscopic)
- Lung - septic vasculitis in acute pneumonia (microscopic)
- Lung - pulmonary hypertension-related vasculitis (microscopic)
- Heart - pericarditis (digital slide)
- Heart - bacterial endocarditis (digital slide)
- Heart - bacterial endocarditis (digital slide)
- Heart - myocarditis (digital slide)
- Heart - acute myocardial infarction (digital slide)
- Pancreas - acute pancreatitis (digital slide)
- Appendix - acute gangrenous appendicitis (digital slide)
Chronic
- Gallbladder - chronic cholecystitis (digital slide)
- Stomach - chronic gastritis (digital slide)
- Lung - healing (organising) pneumonia (microscopic)
- Lung - organising pneumonia (digital slide)
- Lung - Aspergillosis fungal infection ('Aspergilloma') (digital slide)
Granulomatous inflammation
- Lung - tuberculosis (digital slide)
- Lung - early tuberculosis granuloma (with apoptotic debris and Langhan's Giant cells) (microscopic)
- Lung - Tuberculosis granuloma (microscopic)
- Lung - bronchocentric tuberculosis granuloma (microscopic)
- Lung - tuberculosis granuloma involving a blood vessel (tuberculous vasculitis) (microscopic)
- Lung - sarcoidosis (microscopic)
- Lung - sarcoidosis with fibrosis (microscopic)
- Sub-mandibular salivary gland - sarcoidosis (digital slide)
- Lung - foreign body 'giant cell reaction' (aspiration of gastric contents including vegetable material) (microscopic)
- Knee - foreign body-type granulomatous reaction to silicone following arthroplasty (digital slide)
- Lung - foreign body embolisation with giant cell response and granuloma formation (intravenous drug abuse) (microscopic)
- Lung - hypersensitivity pneumonia with granuloma formation (microscopic)
Mixed acute and chronic inflammation
- Lung - abscess (gross)
- Lung - multiple lung abscesses (microscopic)
- Penis (foreskin) - abscess (digital slide)
- Lung - asthma (hyperinflated lung with lower lobe rib fracture-related lacerations) (gross)
- Stomach - chronic peptic ulcer with acute inflammation in ulcer 'slough' (digital slide)
- Skin - ulceration and repair (digital slide)
- Lung - tuberculous plueritis (microscopic)
- Colon - ulcerative colitis (digital slide)
inflammation and the lungs - asthma
An interesting article on the pathogenesis of asthma can be found here (Olin JT, Wechsler ME. Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. BMJ 2014; Nov 24; 349:g5517 doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5517. REVIEW)
inflammation and the lungs - tuberculosis
An interesting article on tuberculosis can be found here (Knechel NA. Tuberculosis: pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis. Critical Care Nurse 2009; 29:34-43).
inflammation and the brain - meningitis
Interesting articles on meningitis can be found here (Koedel U, Scheld WM, Pfister H-W. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002; 2:721-736) and here (Scheld WM, Koedel U, Nathan B, Pfister H-W. Pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis: mechanism(s) of neuronal injury. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 186 (Suppl 2):S225-S233)
Abnormal cellular infiltrations
Amyloid
- Lung - diffuse vascular amyloidosis (microscopic image)
- Heart - amyloidosis (digital slide)
Fat
- Liver - fatty infiltration (steatosis) (digital slide)
Harmful agents in the environment
Radiation
- Lung - radiation pneumonitis (gross)
- Lung - radiation pneumonitis (microscopic)
- Lung - radiation pneumonitis (high power microscopic image)
Coal dust
- Lung - coal-workers pneumoconiosis (gross)
- Lung - coal-workers pneumoconiosis (anthracosilicosis) (microscopic)
Asbestos
- Pleura - asbestos-related pleural plaques (gross)
- Pleura - asbestos fibre (microscopic)
- Lung - asbestos fibre bodies (microscopic)
- Lung - asbestosis and mesothelioma (collection of images)
Smoking-related
- Lung - respiratory bronchiolitis (microscopic)
- Lung - apical upper lobe emphysema (gross)
- Lung - centrilobular emphysema (gross)
- Lung - centrilobular emphysema (microscopic)
- Lung - smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (microscopic)
- Lung - squamous cell carcinoma (macroscopic)
- Lung - squamous cell carcinoma (microscopic)